Nandi, Sacred Bull of Shiva

North India, Circa 1800

Marble, gilt

23.5 x 29 x 16.5 cm

This exceptional late 18^th century marble figure of Nandi, or Nandin, the sacred bull calf, gatekeeper, and vehicle (vahana) of the Hindu god Shiva, is a remarkable example of the important Hindu sculptures that demonstrate the great reverence for living bulls in Indian society to this day. The figure is sculpted with great naturalism and sensitive modelling; the medium of marble is perfectly suited to the manifestation of its rounded volumes and projected weight.

The Nandi is shown sitting on a low base and its subtle shifts in direction and position make the sculpted animal seem natural and almost moving. When looking head on, note the turn of Nandi’s noble head to its proper left, and its tilt to the right. Also, one leg is tucked under Nandi’s body while the other is raised up. Along with these striking details, the Nandi exhibits great dynamic energy – the front right leg, which is bent in a position of alertness, is placed remarkably near the edge of the base while the animal’s tail is actually suspended over the limits of the plinth and moving beyond its constricted sculptural limits.

By applying gold, the sculptor has further ornamented the bull into the realm of the divine as its horns, ears and hoofs are painted as well as a decorative necklace of bells around the neck and a blanket spread across the ample back. These chromatic touches elevate the figure beyond its zoomorphic identity and in line with its sacred symbolism. The white colour of the bull symbolizes purity and justice.

A statue of Nandi is present as a bull sitting on a plinth in front of most Hindu temples dedicated to Shiva, especially Dravida (Southern) temples. He sits in a dedicated columned pavilion known as a nandi mandapa and is positioned so that he gazes in adoration at Shiva’s linga (phallic symbol of Shiva) within the main temple. This made explicit Nandi’s intimate relationship with Shiva.

Nandi, which means “giving delight” or “giving joy,” is the sacred bull of the Hindu god Shiva, one of the most important Hindu gods. When the world becomes evil, Shiva destroys it to make way for beneficial change. Nandi is Shiva’s animal form, his means of transportation, and his most ardent worshiper. Sacred animals served as vahanas, or mounts for Hindu deities to travel on. Shiva and Nandi’s association in Hindu scriptures and art can be traced to very early Indian culture, where dairy farming was the most important occupation, thus explaining the importance and sacredness of the cow and bull. Vahanas symbolize or complement the energy or character of their deity. Nandi is also believed to promote fertility; passing temple visitors may touch the image’s genitals for a blessing. Nandi sculptures would often be decorated with fresh flowers and given other offerings.

Provenance: Private collection, UK.